CS Mnemonics and Other imp material

Psychiatry Patient :

Mental status exam: Patient well groomed or not Eye contact, flight of ideas Speech pressured/not Mood/Affect Hostile or not to examiner Co-operative or not Inattentive/atten. 3/3 for registration,3/3 recall,3/3 orientation, long term memory, concentration,judgement,comprehension



Paeds Patient: the primary informant is the mother(1st sentence) Birth Hx,G& D, Immunization HX, SocialHx-smokers at home, sick contacts,day care, siblings going to the day care OB/GYN: Sexual HX:STDs, vaccination against Rubella,Hep B, Smoking(increases risk of CA), Blood transfusions in the past

i divide the exam in 5 catogeries: opening,CC+HOPI,GE+SE,Summary+councelling, Close. once you enter CS center: see the the usmle video..it helps u to the feel of the actual exam which cannot be replaced by anything.. 2) when u r standing at the door and the announcement is made for u...the first thing u write is the patients name...belive me 8 out of 12 times at the end of the case i forgot abt the name...write as big as u can and when u come in room plz keep the pad upside down...so that the SP may not see what u have written...just my personal advice..then u write the

PAMHUGSFOSSOSDA

LIQORAAA

FCCNDTCHMMSR ..( REMEMBER THE DD )

3) the moment u come in after knocking the door..smile...greet the patient..shake hand...i m dr.mmm a physician here to help you....( a advice.... if the SP is not able to talk or in pain...u can directly start with like...mr.SP the nurse told me that you have pain in abd..how may help you with that..or can u tell me more abt it....

U can use the mnemonic - FCC NDTV HSSR for that..

F-FEVER
C-COUGH
C-COLD
N-NAUSAEA,NUMBNESS
D-DIZZINESS
T-TINGLING
V-VOMITTINGS
H-HEADCAHE
S-SORETHROAT
S-SHORTNESS OF BREATH
R-RIGORS,
RASH

4) there are 10 transitions sentences u have to use and 4 informative one...u cannot miss them in any case...make it like a routine when ur practising these cases..

5) u can talk while washing hands....dont have slience any time in the room unless u ascultating...

6) Ok now the big thing..examination...its so time consuming and u tend to forgot all the things.. 7) for general exam..follow the PICKLE and added O of opthalmoscope to it...check pedal edema now...and ask fr it also...check pulses...take BP

8) now for,, systemic exam... --start with sp sitting , untie the gown with
back chest insep/percussion/tactile fremituis/ascultation....check for spinous tenderness and CVA tenderness at the same time.. ---
SP still sitting..come front take the gown down ..sternal tenderness/ supraclavicular nodes axillary nodes...
PMI...all 4 heart sounds and ascultate the lungs.. --
tell the SP to lie down....look for JVP..carotid pulse...
go for abdomen...IAPP..

9)...summary...the most imp part...what u told me..what i found out...it might be (DD)..what we are going to do (investigations).. ---counselling..the most imp part of the closing....u have to do ....what precuations the SP has to take based on the CC..

10) closing....ok this is what i did.. a) i m going to tell the nurse to send the investigatiosns quickly b) the investigations might take 8-12 hours to come..till the time if there is any problems or worsing the CC plz give me a call ..i m goin to keep my contact info with the nurse.. c) and once the investigations comes we will meet again and dicuss abt the problem and management..i would like to again remind you abt i am alwayz here to hep you Mr.SP ..have a great day.!!!! Phew finish..come outside and start writing the PN.. writing PN is easy...so i guess i m not going to write abt it... .



1)Knock 3 times with confidence , a smile , walk in and say, "hello Mr. SP, I am Dr. XYZ and am here to see you today as your physician." Shake hands with the patient, look around the room and say "Is everything in the room alright for you ?" - SP says yes - Then you say "Let me make you a little more comfortable".....and while saying so, drape the patients legs up to his belly (applies to a sitting or a reclining SP) . Then, "So Mr. Smith, how may I help you today?" After the patient tells you the chief complaints and stops, first express sympathy - say, "Oh I am sorry to hear that, I shall try my best to help you. Hope you dont mind if I make a few notes as you speak" This makes you free to write or pretend to write as you try to recall what to ask without showing ur nervousness - actually a good time to write ur mnemonics !! now ask LIQORAAA + FCCNDTVHMSSR --2) hello Mr.SP now i need to ask you more Q regarding ur health..which will help me nderstand ur health better....NOW ASK FOR START WITH off with data collection, i.e. "PAM HUGS", before you move on to "FOSS", it is good to say, "Mr. SP, the way clinical medicine works, there could be some clues hidden in a few personal questions I need to ask you - is that OK with you ? " and then move on to FO ---4) now tell the SP that anything u going to tell is going to be confidential....ask the sexsual and social SODA. --- Transitioning to a hand wash: There have been quite a few concerns about how to handle a change from history mode to a hand wash mode ...A sample transcript : You = "I shall now need to perform a quick general examination and then look at your heart - is that fine ?" (No need to say Head, Neck, Eyes, Feet, etc and waste seconds ! - you're gonna be graded for doing it , not for u saying it in detail !) SP = "Sure, doctor" You = "Arrite ! Before we begin Mr. Smith , excuse me for a moment here to wash my hands" (smile) I had reserved the time to wash my hands to enquire about occupation and say "thats interesting, my uncle used to do something similar" or something like that. Transitioning to a Physical exam: Before you begin physical examination say "I will now need to perform a quick general examination and then we shall have a look at your chest [or abdomen - wutever the chief complaint is]" and do keep talking during each thing your examine - like "lets start with your eyes, could you look up for me" while examining pallor. By the way , a good mnemonic of quickly completing general examination is "PICKLE" - Pallor, icterus, Cyanosis, Clubbing, Koilonychia, Lymphadenopathy and Edema Feet" along with Jugular veins, carotid bruit if a CVS case. At the end of the entire general + systemic examination, summarise : "Based on what you told me and your physical exam, there are certain diagnostic possibilities like 1._____, 2. ________ or 3. _______ and others. But to be more certain, let us order a few tests - like blood tests, chest x-ray , an EKG , and then discuss further management. " The last minutes... While concluding, keep this 4-stage pattern in mind to cover everything and to be courteous: a. First, Counsel !!! For example - for a case of diabetes, it is good to say a few words on foot care ! if the patient smokes or drinks alcohol - say "are you aware of the harmful effects of smoking / alcohol ? Have you ever considered quitting - if you wish to , we have a good support team that is willing to help you quit the habit" thats it - dont get personal about it . b. Then say " Have you understood everything we have discussed today ?" c. Then "Are there any special concerns you have ?" d. Finally " Thankyou very much Mr. SP . I shall leave my contact information with my nurse - feel free to contact me anytime if you have any questions"Last day practice;general case 2) pedis case 3) pyshicatry case 4) absue case 5) telephone case.. take some sweet and start walking to the center ( i ate gulab jamun) yes the center is on the 5th floor....once ur out of lift take left and u r in the exam place.... talk to everyone u meet ...i had a girl from cincinnati next to me..we were talking abt the seinfeild episode in which kramer and his brother are SP's and were laughing abt it...its very relaxing.. but remember one thing dont talk abt the cases to anyone anywhere...period.. plz dont eat onions in the lunch..and bring some those breath dissolving things with u..plz plz bring those.. plz bring hankercheif...u get so sweaty...u need it before u knock on the door.. i just did the kaplan book and u have plenty of time buddy..10th june to 27th july...wow..i wish i could have that time VASES: In domestic abuse. Violence, Afraid, Safe, Emergency plan, Support system DEATH & SHAFT: Activities of daily living. Dressing, Eating, Ambulating, Toiletting, Hygeine. Shopping, Housekeeping, Accounting, Food preparation, Transportation. FROM HIS JFK CASE: Mental state exam (overlaps with SIG E CAPS actually) Funtionality Reasoning Orientation/ Outlook Memory/ Mood Hallucinations/ delusions Insight Speech/ Sleep Judgement Feelings Knowledge Concentration Attention/ appearance Suicidality Energy for depression - FACE SIPS F - feeling - shame guilt, sadness, anger A - appetite C - concentration, memory E - eneregy level S - sleep pattern I - interest in normal activites , hobbies P - pscyhomotor retardation S - sucidial ideation/intentWeight, Appetite, Diet, Stress, Exercise and Travel (WAD SET) only in GI, depression or possible endocrine (Thyroid, Cushings, PCOS) cases.I would the following questions in personal history after appropriate transition sentence- "Are you sexually active". If yes, I would ask "How many sexual partners have you had in the past six months". This I used instead of asking "Do you have multiple sexual partners" which I was not comfortable asking. Also, I found the question "are your sexual partners male or female or both" a little offensive though we may be required to elicit such information. So, I decided to reserve that question only in someone for whom I had high suspicion of STD along with "Have you ever been tested for STD". If the SP gives history of multiple sexual partners, then I would ask "Do you use condoms". If yes, I decided to leave it at that, especially if the history was that of a stable relationship. If I had to counsel specifically for STD, "There is a risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases in anyone that is sexually active. The risk is increased when there are multiple sexual partners. Abstinence from sex is the best method to prevent infection with and spreading of sexually transmitted diseases. When this is not possible, the risk is reduced by limiting the number of sexual partners and using condoms which are also a reliable method of contraception." For psych cases, the counselling would ofcourse depend on the diagnosis which will be quite different for Alzheimers, depression, schizophrenia etc. Hope that helped. All the best for your exam.For PR u can tell - 'we will be examining ur back passage with one finger, its not painful but may cause bit discomfort'.When i explained about pr the SP asked the q ,whether it hurts doctor?. Counselling of lab result - My opinion is u should tell all the cases what investigation u are going to do in layman's term. There will be atleast one ER setting, just let the patient know that u care for their pain and will sort the pain as soon as the PE is over. The center will open at 7.30, they will def start the orientation at 8.00 am.Exam will be over by 3.30.U will get a 30 mt break after 5 cases, then 15 mt break after 4 and then 3 cases [ 12 cases ] .I hope that covers everything.I will be ready to help , in case u have anymore doudt.Mnemonics for psychiatrics SP. 3 mnemonics goes for it. 1. O.P.C. Onset: when did your fatigue start? there can b 2 kinds of answers to this Qs. group A: "2 months ago" for SP with PTSD, adjustment dis, malingering, cancer or other illness, etc. group B: I've been tired all my life or it comes and goes for SP with major depressive dis, cyclotimia, etc. Previous: have you ever had it b4? this Qs applies only to group A bcos group B already answers to it. Most of the answer group A will give will b a NO Cause: it is now the case, to ask to both groups a nice open ended Qs: what do you think is the cause of your problem? group A would give the important clue. MVA in case of PTSD, separation in case of adjustment dis, abdominal pain in case of possible pancreatic cancer. etc. if group A does not give the answer SPECIFICALLY ASK what happened 2 months ago? most of group B SP will say I don't know doc. cos they have felt like this all life. (but even group A SP could answer that)). NOW WE GO TO THE 2 MNEMONICS 2. FACE SLIPS 3. then I finish with PAM HUGS FOSSODA If SP has any other complaint, like pain, I have to investigate it through LIQORAAA and introduce it in my D/Ds and work up. I tried this system with all the psychiatrics chief complaints and it works.In case of fatigue, I have to ask: do you feel it all day long or you feel better in some particular moments? if yes, I investigate which moments. I put this Qs at O (onset), after asking when the fatigue started. In case of depression or feeling low, I have to ask if he generally looks at things in a positive or a negative frame of mind. I put this Qs in F (feelings), after asking If he has feelings of worthlessness. In case of PTSD, I have to ask about nightmare related to traumatic event. Even in this case I put the Qs in feelings, after asking about feelings of guiltinessI must always consider hypothyroidism as a D/Ds. also, I must always ask about delusion and hallucinations. But where to insert these Qs? maybe I should modify the Mnemonic from FACE SLIPS to FACE SLIPSO, with O being Others (actually 2 Qs: do you feel cold when other don't? do you hear or see what other people don't?) For the chief complaints which are neither Psychiatrics nor pain, I will use the following 2 Mnemonics. OAAA, where O is the onset the same from psychiatric history and AAA is (associated, aggravating and alleviating factors) taken for pain history. then I will continue with PAM HUGS FOSSODA. As a general rule, I will use this for all symptoms which are not psy (fatigue, depression, feeling low) or pain related (cefalea, sore throat, knee pain, etc. where LIQORAAA will be fine) The problem of these mnemonics is that if I want to make the history as much complete as possible, I often need to apply more than one Qs to some letters. Let's consider a chief complaint of knee pain for exemple. To perform a proper interview I have to apply more than one Qs to the letter O. Location: Could u plz tell me exactl where you feel the pain? Intensity: on a scale... howould u rate? Quality: how would u describe the pain? (important open ended Qs) Onset: here, I have verified that asking only when the pain starts makes the interview incomplete. So the Qs will b: 1. when did it first start? point X 2. have you ever had it before? before X 3. do have everyday? and all day long? if it is not all day long ask how long it lasts. after X 4. Is it worsening days after day or it is the same? progression Applying this Qs to Onset makes the History more complete. Radiation: does the pain move? Associated Symptoms: Do you have other problem other than this, for exemple fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (it is important to give exemples and went the SP is done I ask anything else?) Aggravating factors: Do you know something that makes is worsen? Alleviating factors: ... that makes you feel better? Let's then return to the top. For all complaints that will not be psy or pain, I will use OAAA and then PAM HUGS FOSSODA. But in this case, I would apply to O the same 4 questions as above.According to many sources I have to make a transition sentence before starting with LIQUORAA or OAAA, and then between PAM and HUGS, between HUGS and F, between F and O, between O and S, etc, etc. For one who have been practising medecine like me this sounds really weird. Even my personal SP (which happens to be from the US) told me that all that transition sentences make the interview weird. keeping saying always "Now I need to ask some Qs about past medical history, is it ok? now I need to ask you about your family is it fine? I need to know more about your personal life is it okay with you? now I need to know about you social life is it fine? now I need to examine your chest? now it is the turn of your head, I need to palpate your belly. I need to check your pulse is it fine? is it fine? is it fine? is it fine? is it okay? is it ok? ok?ok?ok?ok?ok?ok?ok? COMEON!!!!!!!!!!! Maybe I do not do my transitions properly. But according to usmleworld I have to do these transitions. Now here is the deal: I know they want me to show professionality, compassion and respect. I do have a great deal of it. But I know I will not feel comfortable during the exam if I say it as it is described in usmleworld. So the deal is ask permission and describe what you are going to do in the same sentence. before going through the LIQORAAA I will say: I have been informed that you came in today because of abdominal pain. Could you pls tell me more about it? (I will not say what brings you in today? because I have read of one who recieved in response by the bus. In the same way, I will not ask why are you here today? because we are in a hospital and when we visit a patient we are supposed to know the chief complaint. In order to avoid any pb at the beginning of the interview, I think it would be better to start with a "closed ended Qs" I know that you are here because of abdominal pain, could you please tell me more about it? I think this gives an idea of professionality because it means that you get informations about the patient before seeing him. After the patient answer, I will say: I'm sorry to here that (only if it is the case). I need to ask you some questions about your problem, just to have a good view of it. Is it ok with you miss jones? yes. thank you very much. Then I will procede with the LIQORAAA then before going to PAM HUGS FOSSODA I'll say Now miss Jones, I will ask you some few Qs about your personal health, your personal life and your family. ok? okay! pls don't be embarrassed by my Qs because everything we'll talk about in this conversation will remain absolutely confidential. Then I'll go on. Let's then summarize the history taking. 1. In case of pain: LIQORAAA where O is related to 4 Qs and then PAM HUGS FOSSODA 2. In case of psy complaint OC (P is inside O) FACE SLIPSO PAM HUGS FOSSODA 3. In case of a complaint that is neither psy nor painful OAAA Cs advice ;;;Mr.Jones,....i want to tell u abt a few lifestyle changesU need to make at this point..----Monitor ur bp/sugarregularly, & don't miss u'r drug doses, eat healthy(low carb/low fat diet/low salt diet) & take extracare of ur feet, wear soft footwear & make sure u dontget hurt.As far as smoking and alcohol r concerned, uneed to seriously think abt quitting, it's never too lateto quit, espy if u r a dm'tic/htn'sive.. u need to be aware of their direct illeffects on the heart, brain & lungs..onlong term basis...I know it can be very tough to quit, buti cud introduce u to our peer support groups here, for goodphysical and emotional encouragement....let me know if u rinterested...& feel free to ask me any of ur concerns, my contact numbers r with my nurse...Is there anything u wantto ask me....Shall i see u then...good seeing u mr.jones.....



For the Phone Encounter-

"ON CALL IDIOT"

['On Call'since this is a phone encounter] - please dont think about "idiot" being offnesive - it is just a mnemonic people !O - Onset ?N - Number of Times a Day?C - Consistency ? / Color? / Content ? [Blood, Fat, Mucous ?] + Crying ? Cramps Suggestive ?A - Associated Symptoms [Fever, Runny Nose, Rash, Cough, Ear Discharge, Vomitting, Rash ?]L - Listless baby ? Lethargic, not Sleeping ?L - Liquids not passing ? [i.e. not urinating ?]I - Immunization up to date ?D - Diet Change ? Dehydration signs ? Day Care Center ? Developmental MilestonesI - Infections in family ? Immunicompromised mom ? [HIV ?]O - ORS counseling (Oral Rehydration Solution - see below)T - Travel history recently ?

Step 3 Important Links

The links below are to aid students their in STEP 3 STUDY:
1) http://rapidshare.com/files/145667642/UW_S3_QB-_Part_1.zip (USMLEWORLD STEP 3 QBANK- Part 1)
2) http://rapidshare.com/files/145668738/UW_S3_QB-_Part_2.zip (USMLEWORLD STEP 3 QBANK- Part 2)
3) http://rapidshare.com/files/145670044/UW_S3-_CCS.zip (USMLEWORLD STEP 3 CCS)
4) http://rapidshare.com/files/146062590/First_Aid_for_the_USMLE_Step_3.pdf (First Aid for Step 3)
5) http://rapidshare.com/files/146062591/Qbook-step3-PART1__2004_.pdf (Kaplan Qbook for Step 3-Part 1)
6) http://rapidshare.com/files/146062592/Qbook-step3-PART2__2004_.pdf (Kaplan Qbook for Step 3- Part2)
7) http://rapidshare.com/files/146062593/Qbook-step3-PART3__2005_.pdf (Kaplan Qbook for Step 3- Part3)
8) http://rapidshare.com/files/146062594/Vol.1_Internal_Medicine_Part1...__2004_.pdf (Kaplan Step 3Internal Medicine Notes- Part 1)
9) http://rapidshare.com/files/146062595/Vol.1_Internal_Medicine_Part2...__2004_.pdf (Kaplan Step 3 IMNotes- Part 2)
10)http://rapidshare.com/files/146062597/Vol.2_ObGyn__Pediatrics__Surgery__Psych...__2004_.pdf (Kaplan Step 3 OBGYN, SURGERY, PEDIATRICS, PSYCH and ETHICS NOTES)

STEP 2 CS CASES......MUST READ

LATEST CASES

1. Enuresis

History:

When did it start?
How frequently does he wet the bed? How many times per week?
When does this happen? Only at night or at daytime too?
Have you tried any interventions or drugs before?
Does he drink or eat much late-night?
Do you know the volume of the urine?
What is the color of his urine?
Do you notice any blood in the urine?
Does he have any urgency for urination?
Does he have any other urination problem?
Does he snore?
Does he wake up during the night?
Is there any major stress for him?
How does he behave in school?
Is there any environmental changes related to wetting?
Ask HLHUGS
Is there anybody on your family has the same problem?
Ask PHSAM
Birth history, regular check up, immunization.

Counseling and Closure

Bed-wetting is much more common than most people believe, so there is no reason for you or your child to feel embarrassed or guilty. (Enuresis often runs in families.)

Bedwetting usually goes away on its own. Almost all kids who wet the bed eventually stop. But until it does, it can be embarrassing and uncomfortable for your child. So it's important to provide emotional support and reassurance during this process.

There are something may help: Reassure your child that bedwetting is a normal part of growing up and that it's not going to last forever.
It may comfort your child to hear about other family members who also struggled with it when they were young.
Tell your kid not to drink anything after dinner
Remind your child to go to the bathroom before bedtime.
When your child wakes with wet sheets, have your child help you change the sheets. Explain that this isn't punishment, but it is a part of the process. It may even help your child feel better knowing that he or she helped out.

There could be other possibilities causing bedwetting, like an infection of urinary system. Would you please bring your child here? So I can give him a complete physical exam and order urine test.

DD Work-ups
Monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis Genital exam
Secondary enuresis UA
UTI Urine culture
Constipation First-morning urine specific gravity
Sleep apnea U/S- renal
Functional bladder disorder


2. Picky eater case

History taking:

1. How old is your son?
2. How long has he been a picky eater?
3. Why do you think you son is a picky eater?
4. Is his picky eating habit getting worse or getting better ?
5. Has he ever eaten well when he got really hungry?
6. Does he watch TV before dinner?
7. Does he have any pain in his belly?
8. Does he have any problems with his bowel movement?
9. How many times a week does he have bowel movements?
10. How many children do you have?
11. How much time do parents spend time with him?
12. Who takes care of your child when you are working?
13. What kind of house do you live?
14. Has your family moved recently?

Ask HLHUGS. PHSAM, Birth history, daycare, regular checkup and immunization shots

Well, Mrs. X, thank you very much for answering my question. Is there anything else you would like to tell me about?

Ok, I would like to give you my impression right now. First let me summarize what you have just told me. ???.. Is that right?

Mrs. X, based on the information you told me, I think your son may be experiencing a habitual eating disorder, however, we also need to exclude some other possibilities, such as lead-poisoning or iron-deficiency anemia. For that reason, I would like to examine him personally and order some tests on him before I make any diagnosis or give any advises. Is it convenient for you to bring him here? (Provide help if she can not bring his son to the hospital)

Alright, then, I will see you once you get to the hospital. Take care.

D/D: Work-ups
1. Habitual eating disorder 1. CBC and electrolytes
2. Lead poisoning 2. Serum lead level
3. Iron-deficiency anemia 3. Stool for OVA and parasites
4. Fiber-lack diet
5. Parasitic Infections




3. Hallucination Case

History:

1. Onset ( How long have you been having this problem)
2. Would you tell me more about it? What did you hear/see?
3. Is it always there or does it come and go?
4. Frequency (how often..)
5. Course ( getting worse or better)
6. Do you have any idea what might be causing of it?
7. Is there any warning signs before you hear/see it?
8. Do you feel someone is controlling you?
9. Does it affect your daily activities?
10. How is your relationship with your friends and family members?

Ask FACE SLIPS(Qs for depression), HLHUGS, PHSAM FOSS(my own mnemonics for ROS and History, equal to those in FA and UW)

always ask about social support.

PE: MMSE, Hearing and visional exam, quick neurological exam, Heart and Chest

Counseling:

Need to interview family members and close friends for more information
Quit recreational drugs, it may be one of the causes of the hallucinations he experiences
Provide support groups and recommend staying at hospital if he is confused or not stable.


D/D Work-ups
1. Schizophrenia 1. CT-head
2. Brief psychotic disorder 2. TSH
3. Drug-induced hallucination 3. CBC
4.Thyroid Disease 4. UA and toxicity
5. Electrolyte imbalance
6. Grief reaction/PTSD

2008 - Latest IMG friendly Hot list

NEW ( 2009) IMG Friendly Hospitals

Alabama:
Stringfellow Hospital, Anniston, Alabama (GC)

California:
Alameda County Hospital, Highland, CA
Kern Medical Center, CA
St Mary's Hospital, San Francisco, CA
University of California, San Francisco, CA
USC, Los Angeles, CA

Connecticut:
Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT (H1,J1,GC)
Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (H1,J1,GC)
Hospital of St Raphael, CT (H1,J1,GC)
Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (H1,J1,GC)
St Vincent's Medical Center, Bridgeport, CT (H1,J1,GC)
University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT (J1,GC)

District of Columbia (Washington, DC):
District of Columbia General Hospital, Washington, DC
Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC (H1,J1,GC)
Providence Hospital, Washington, DC (H1,J1,GC)

Illinois:
Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL (H1,J1,GC)
Chicago Medical School/FUHS, Chicago, IL
Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL
Jackson Park Hospital, Chicago, IL(GC)
Mercy Hospital, Chicago, IL (J1,GC)
Ravenswood Hospital, Chicago, IL (J1,GC)
Rush Copley Medical Center, Aurora, IL (J1,GC)
Rush Presbyterian Hospital, Chicago, IL (J1,GC)
Rush Westlake, Melrose Park, IL (J1,GC)
St Francis hospital, Evanston, IL (H1,J1,GC)
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, IL (GC)
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL (J1,GC)
University of Illinois/Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, IL (J1,GC)
University of Illinois at Peoria, IL

Maryland:
Franklin Square Hospital, Baltimore, MD
Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore, MD
Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, MD (H1,J1,GC)
Maryland General Hospital, Baltimore, MD (H1,J1,GC)
Prince George's Hospital, Cheverly, MD (GC)
St Agnes Health Care, Baltimore, MD (J1,GC)

Michigan:
Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (J1,GC)
Hurley Med Center/MSU , Flint, MI (J1,GC)
McLaren Regional Medical Center, Flint, MI
Mid-Michigan Medical Center, Midland, MI
Providence Hospital, MI (J1,GC)
Saginaw Cooperative Hospitals, Saginaw, MI
St Joseph's Mercy Hospital, Pontiac, MI (H1,J1,GC)
St John Hospital, Detroit, MI (J1,GC)
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J1,GC)
William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI (J1)

Missouri:
St Mary's Hospital, St. Louis, MO
St Lukes Hospital, St. Louis, MO

New Jersey:
Atlantic City Medical Center, Atlantic City, NJ (J1,GC)
Englewood Hospital/Mount Sinai, Englewood, NJ
Jersey City Medical Center/Mount Sinai, Jersey City,
NJ Jersey Shore Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (GC)
Monmouth Med Center, Long Branch, NJ (J1,GC)
Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ
Muhlenberg Hospital , Plainfield, NJ (J1,GC)
Overlook Hospital, Summit, NJ (GC)
Raritan Bay Med Ctr., Perth Amboy, NJ
St Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ (GC)
St Joseph's Medical Center, Paterson, NJ (GC)
St Francis Med Ctr, Trenton, NJ
UMDNJ, Camden, NJ (J1,GC)
UMDNJ, Newark, NJ (GC)
UMDNJ, New Brunswick, NJ (J1,GC)
UMDNJ, Piscataway, NJ

New York:
Albert Einstein/ Jacobi Med Ctr., Bronx, NY (H1,J1,GC)
Bronx Lebanon Hospital, Bronx,
NY Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (GC)
Brookdale University Hospital, Brooklyn, NY
Cabrini Hospital, New York, NY
Catholic Med Center., Jamaica, NY (GC)
Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx,
NY Maimonides Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (H1,J1,GC)
Metropolitan Hospital/NY Medical College, NY (J1,GC)
New York Hospital and Medical Center of Queens/Cornell U., Flushing, NY
New York Methodist Hospital/ Wyckoff Heights, Brooklyn, NY (H1,J1,GC)
NYU VA Medical Center, NY New York
Flushing Hospital, Flushing, NY
Sound Shore Hospital/NY Medical College, New Rochelle, NY
Saint Barnabas Hospital, Bronx, NY (GC, J1, H1)
St Lukes Hospital, New York, NY (J1,GC)
St Joseph's Hospital, NY
St John's Episcopal South Shore Hospital, Fair Rockaway, NY (H1,J1,GC
SUNY at Brooklyn, NY (H1,J1,GC)
SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY (H1,J1,GC)
SUNY at Syracuse, NY (J1,GC)
Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY (J1,GC)
Woodhull Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J1,GC)

Nevada:
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV

Ohio:
Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, OH (J1,GC)
Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH
Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
Meridia Huron Hospital, East Cleveland, OH (H1,J1,GC)
Mount Sinai Hospital, Cleveland, OH

Pennsylvania:
Abington Memorial Hospital, Abington, PA (H1,J1,GC)
Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (J1,GC)
Easton Hospital, Easton, PA Frankford Hospital, Philadelphia PA (H1,J1,GC)
Frankford Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
Guthrie Healthcare, Sayre, PA
Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, PA
Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA MCP
Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
Pinnacle Health/ Polyclinic Hospital, Harrisburg, PA
UPMC Health System/ Shadyside Hospital, PA

Rhode Island:
Miriam Hospital of Brown University, Providence, RI (J1,GC)
Roger Williams Hospital, Providence, RI

Texas:
Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX
Texas Tech University, Odessa, TX
Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX (J1,GC)

Virginia:
University of Virginia, Roanoke Salem, VA (J1,GC)

West Virginia:
West Virginia University Hospital, WV (J1,GC)

Wisconsin:
Sinai Samaritan Medical Center, Milwaukee.

FIRST AID KITS

First Aid Kits for USMLE exams are most important and concise materials to read and do a quickly
revise the materials. First aid is available for all the steps.
Here are few links for the first aid to usmle-

100 BUZZ WORDS FOR STEP 2 CK

BUZZ WORDS These secrets are 100 of the top board alerts. They summarize the concepts, principles, and most salient details that you should review before you take the Step 2 exam. Understanding of these Top Secrets will serve you well in your final review- 1. Smoking is the number-one cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the U.S.(e.g., atherosclerosis, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). 2. Alcohol is number-two cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the U.S. More than half of accidental and intentional (e.g., murder) deaths involve alcohol. Alcohol is the number-one cause of preventable mental retardation (fetal alcohol syndrome); it also causes cancer and cirrhosis and is potentially fatal in withdrawal. 3. In alcoholic hepatitis the classic ratio of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is > 2:1, although both may be elevated. 4. Vitamins: Give folate to reproductive-age women to prevent neural tube defects. Watch for pernicious anemia, and treat with vitamin B 12 to prevent permanent neuro-logic deficits. Isoniazid causes pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency. Watch for Wernicke enecephalopathy in alcoholics, and treat with thiamine to prevent Korsakoff dementia. 5. Minerals: Iron-deficiency anemia is most common cause of anemia. Think of men- strual loss in reproductive-age women and of cancer in men and older women if no other cause is obvious. 6. Vitamin A is a known teratogen. Counsel and treat reproductive-age women appro- priately (e.g., take care in treating acne with the vitamin A analog isotretinoin). 7. Complications of atherosclerosis (e.g., myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, gangrene) are involved in roughly one-half of deaths in the U.S. The primary risk fac- tors for atherosclerosis are age/sex, family history, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high LDL cholesterol, and low HDL cholesterol. 8. Diabetes leads to atherosclerosis and its complications, retinopathy (a leading cause of blindness), nephropathy (a leading cause of end-stage renal failure), peripheral vascu-lar disease (a leading cause of limb amputation), peripheral neuropathy (sensory and autonomic), and an increased incidence of infections. 9. Although hypertension is most often mild or moderate and clinically silent, severe hyper-tension can lead to acute problems (known as a hypertensive emergency): headaches, dizziness, blurry vision, papilledema, cerebral edema, altered mental status, seizures, intracerebral hemorrhage (classically in the basal ganglia), renal failure/azotemia, angina, myocardial infarction, and/or heart failure. 10. In milder cases, lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet, exercise, weight loss, cessation of alcohol/tobacco use, elevation of head of bed) may be able to "cure" the following disorders without the use of medications: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), insomnia, obesity, and sleep apnea. 11. Arterial blood gas analysis: In general, pH tells you the primary event (acidosis vs. alka- losis), whereas carbon dioxide and bicarbonate values give you the cause (same direction as pH) and suggest any compensation present (opposite of pH). 12. Exogenous causes of hyponatremia to keep in mind: oxytocin, surgery, narcotics, inap- propriate IV fluid administration, diuretics, and antiepileptic medications. 13. EKG findings in electrolyte disturbances: tall, tented T waves in hyperkalemia; loss of T waves/T-wave flattening and U waves in hypokalemia; QT prolongation in hypocal- cemia; QT shortening in hypercalcemia. 14. Shock: First give the patient oxygen, start an IV line, and set up monitoring (pulse oxime- try, EKG, frequent vital signs). Then give a fluid bolus (1 L normal saline or Ringer's lac- tate) if no signs of congestive heart failure (e.g., bibasilar rales) are present while you try to figure out the cause if it is not known. 15. Virchow's triad of deep venous thrombosis: endothelial damage (e.g., surgery, trauma), venous stasis (e.g., immobilization, surgery, severe heart failure), and hypercoagulable state (e.g., malignancy, birth control pills, pregnancy, lupus anticoagulant, inherited deficiencies). 16. Therapy for congestive heart failure: diuretics (e.g., furosemide and ACE inhibitors) and beta blockers (for stable patients) are the mainstays of pharmacologic treatment. Be sure to screen for and address underlying atherosclerosis risk factors (e.g., smoking, hyperlipidemia). 17. Cor pulmonale: right-sided heart enlargement, hypertrophy, or failure due to primary lung disease (usually chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The most common cause of right heart failure, however, is left heart failure (not cor pulmonale). 18. In patients with atrial fibrillation, the main issues are ventricular rate (if needed, slow the rate with medications) and atrial clot formation/embolic disease (consider anticoagulation). 19. Ventricular fibrillation requires immediate defibrillation; ventricular tachycardia is treated with amiodarone or lidocaine unless the patient is unstable (then defibrillate). 20. Obstructive vs. restrictive lung disease: the FEV,/FEV ratio is the most important parameter on pulmonary function testing to distinguish the two (FEV, may be the same). 21. The most common cause of esophageal cancer: reflux disease -* Barrett metaplasia -*• adenocarcinoma. Smoking and alcohol abuse are the second most common causes (squamous cell carcinoma). 22. All gastric ulcers must be biopsied or followed to resolution to exclude malignancy. 23. Testing a nasogastric tube aspirate for blood is the best initial test to distinguish an upper from a lower GI bleed, although bright red blood via mouth or anus is a fairly reliable sign of a nearby bleeding source. 24. Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common causes of GI complaints. Phys- ical exam and basic tests are by definition negative; this is a diagnosis of exclusion. The classic patient is a young female adult with a chronic history of alternating con- stipation and diarrhea. 25. Crohn disease vs. ulcerative colitis CROHN'S DISEASE ULCERATIVE COLITIS Place of origin Distal ileum, proximal colon Rectum Thickness of pathology Transmural Mucosa/submucosa only Progression Irregular (skip-lesions) Proximal, continuous from rectum; no skipped areas Location From mouth to anus Involves only colon, rarely extends to ileum Bowel habit changes Obstruction, abdominal pain Bloody diarrhea Classic lesions Fistulas/abscesses, cobblestoning,Pseudopolyps, lead-pipe colon on string sign on barium x-ray barium x-ray, toxic megacolon Colon cancer risk Slightly increased Markedly increased Surgery No (may make worse) Yes (proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis) 26. All forms of viral hepatitis can present similarly in the acute stage; serology testing and history are needed to distinguish them. Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted par- enterally and can lead to chronic infection, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. 27. Hereditary hemochromatosis is currently the most common known genetic disease in white people. The initial symptoms (fatigue, impotence) are nonspecific, but patients often have hepatomegaly. Screen with transferrin saturation test (serum iron/total iron binding capacity) and ferritin level. Treat with phlebotomy after confirming the diagnosis with genetic testing and liver biopsy. 28. Sequelae of liver failure: coagulopathy (that cannot be fixed with vitamin K), jaundice/ hyperbilirubinemia, hypoalbuminemia, ascites, portal hypertension, hyperammone- mia/encephalopathy, hypoglycemia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. 29. Pancreatitis is usually due to alcohol or gallstones. Patients present with abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, and elevated amylase and lipase. Treat supportively, and avoid mor- phine (which causes sphincter of Oddi spasm) for pain control. Complications include pseudocyst formation, infection/abscess, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. 30. Jaundice/hyperbilirubinemia in neonates is usually physiologic (only monitoring and follow-up lab tests are needed), but jaundice present at birth is always pathologic. 31. Primary vs. secondary endocrine disturbances. In primary disorders (e.g., Graves, Hashimoto, or Addison disease), the gland malfunctions, but the pituitary or another gland and the central nervous system respond appropriately (e.g., TSH, TRH, or ACTH elevate or depress as expected in the setting of a malfunctioning gland). In secondary disorders (e.g., ACTH-secreting lung carcinoma, heart failure-induced hyperreninemia, renal fail- ure-induced hyperparathyroidism), the gland itself is doing what it is told to do by other controlling forces (e.g., pituitary gland, hypothalamus, tumor, disease); they are the prob- lem, not the gland itself. 32. Corticosteroid side effects: weight gain, easy bruising, acne, hirsutism, emotional lability, depression, psychosis, menstrual changes, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, memory loss, buffalo hump, truncal and central obesity with wasting of extremities, round plethoric facies, purplish skin striae, weakness (especially of the proximal mus- cles), hypertension, peripheral edema, poor wound healing, glucose intolerance or dia- betes, osteoporosis, and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis (due to mineralocorticoid effects of certain corticosteroids). Growth can also be stunted in children. 33. Osteoarthritis is by far the most common cause of arthritis (> 15% of cases) and usu- ally does not have hot, swollen joints or significant findings if arthrocentesis is per- formed. 34. Cancer incidence and mortality in the U.S. OVERALL HIGHEST INCIDENCE OVERALL HIGHEST MORTALITY RATE Male Female Male Female 1. Prostate 1. Breast 1. Lung 1. Lung 2. Lung 2. Lung 2. Prostate 2. Breast 3. Colon 3. Colon 3. Colon 3. Colon 35. Sequelae of lung cancer: hemoptysis, Horner syndrome, superior vena cava syn- drome, phrenic nerve involvement/diaphragmatic paralysis, haorseness from recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement, and paraneoplastic syndromes (Gushing, SIADH, hyper- calcemia, Eaton-Lambert syndrome). 36. Bitemporal hemianopsia (loss of peripheral vision in both eyes) is due to a space- occupying lesion pushing on the opic chaism (classically a pituitary tumor) until proven otherwise. Order a CT or MRI of the brain. 37. Potential risks and side effects of estrogen therapy (e.g., contraception, post- menopausal hormone replacement): endometrial (and possibly breast) cancer, hepatic adenomas, glucose intolerance/diabetes, deep venous thrombosis, cholelithi- asis, hypertension, endometrial bleeding, depression, weight gain, nausea/vomiting, headache, weight gain, drug-drug interactions, teratogenesis, and aggravation of pre- existing uterine leiomyomas (fibroids), breast fibroadenomas, migraines, and epilepsy. 38. ABCD characteristics of a mole that should make you suspicious of malignant trans- formation: asymmetry, borders (irregular), color (change in color or multiple colors), and diameter (the bigger the lesion, the more likely that it is malignant). Do an exci- sional biopsy of such moles and/or if a mole starts to itch or bleED 59. Always perform ultrasound before pelvic exam in the setting of third-trimester bleed- ing (in case placenta previa is present). 60. Uterine atony is the most common cause of postpartum bleeding and is typically due to uterine overdistension (e.g., twins, polyhydramnios), prolonged labor, and/or oxy- tocin usage. 61. Acute abdomen pathology localization by physical exam AREA ORGAN (CONDITIONS) Right upper quadrant Gallbladder/biliary (cholecystitis, cholangitis) or liver (abscess) Left upper quadrant Spleen (rupture with blunt trauma) Right lower quadrant Appendix (appendicitis), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Left lower quadrant Sigmoid colon (diverticulitis), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Epigastric area Stomach (peptic ulcer) or pancreas (pancreatitis) 62. The "6 Ws" of postoperative fever: water, wind, walk, wound, "wawa," and weird drugs. Water stands for urinary tract infection, wind for atelectasis or pneumonia, walk for deep venous thrombosis, wound for surgical wound infection, "wawa" for breast (usually relevant only in the postpartum state), and weird drugs for drug fever. In patients with daily fever spikes that do not respond to antibiotics, think about a post- surgical abscess. Order a CT scan to locate, then drain the abscess if one is present. 63. ABCDEs of trauma (follow in order if you are asked to choose): airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. 64. Six rapidly fatal thoracic injuries that must be recognized and treated immediately: 1. Airway obstruction (establish airway) 2. Open pneumothorax (intubate and close defect on three sides) 3. Tension pneumothorax (perform needle thoracentesis followed by chest tube) 4. Cardiac tamponade (perform pericardiocentesis) 5. Massive hemothorax (place chest tube to drain; thoracotomy if bleeding doesn't stop) 6. Flail chest (consider intubation and positive pressure ventilation if oxygenation inadequate) 65. Neonatal conjunctivitis may be caused by chemical reaction (in first 12-24 hours of giving drops for prophylaxis), gonorrhea (2-5 days after birth; usually prevented by prophylactic drops), and chlamydial infection (5-14 days after birth; often not pre- vented by prophylactic drops). 66. Glaucoma is usually (90%) due to the open-angle form, which is painless (no "attacks") and asymptomatic until irreversible vision loss (that starts in the periphery) occurs. Screening is thus important. Open-angle glaucoma is the most common cause of blindness in African Americans. 67. Uveitis is often a marker for systemic conditions: juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, sar- coidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter syndrome, multi- ple sclerosis, psoriasis, or lupus. Photophobia, blurry vision, and eye pain are common complaints. 68. Bilateral (though often asymmetric) painless gradual loss of vision in older adults is usually due to cataracts, macular degeneration, or glaucoma, which can be distin- guished on physical exam. Presbyopia is a normal part of aging and affects only near vision (i.e. accomodation). 69. Compartment syndrome, usually in the lower extremity after trauma or surgery, causes the "6 Ps": 1. Pain (present on passive movement and often out of proportion to injury) 2. Paresthesias (numbness, tingling, decreased sensation) 3. Pallor (or cyanosis) 4. Pressure (firm feeling muscle compartment, elevated pressure reading) 5. Paralysis (late, ominous sign) 6. Pulselessness (very late, ominous sign) Treat with fasciotomy to relieve compartment pressure and prevent permanent neurologic damage. 70. Peripheral nerve evaluation NERVE MOTOR FUNCTION SENSORY FUNCTION CLINICAL SCENARIO Radial Wrist extension Back of forearm, back of hand Humeral fracture (watch for wrist drop) (first 3 digits) Ulnar Finger abduction Front and back of last 2 digitsElbow dislocation (watch for "claw hand") Median Pronation, thumb Palmar surface of hand (first Carpal tunnel syndrome, opposition 3 digits) humeral fracture Axillary Abduction, lateral Lateral shoulder Upper humeral dis- rotation location or fracture Peroneal Dorsiflexion, eversion Dorsal foot and lateral leg Knee dislocation (watch for foot drop) 71. Pediatric hip disorders NAME AGE EPIDEMIOLOGY SYMPTOMS/SIGNS TREATMENT CHD At birth Female, first-borns, breech Barlow's and Ortolani's Harness delivery signs LCPD 4-10yr Short male with delayed Knee, thigh, groin pain, Orthoses bone age limp SCFE 9-13 yr Overweight male adolescent Knee, thigh, groin pain, Surgical pinning limp CHD = congenital hip dysplasia, LCPD = Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, SCFE = slipped capital femoral epi- physis. Note: All of these conditions may present in an adult as arthritis of the hip. 72. Avoid lumbar puncture in a patient with head trauma or signs of increased intracra- nial pressure. Perform CT scan without contrast instead. 73. In children, 75% of neck masses are benign (e.g., lymphadenitis, thyroglossal duct cyst), but 75% of neck masses in adults are malignant (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma and/or metastases, lymphoma). 74. Manage carotid artery stenosis > 70% with carotid endarterectomy, <> 100 beats/min Respiratory effort None Slow, weak cry Good, strong cry Muscle tone Limp Some flexion of extremitiesActive motion Reflex irritability* None Grimace Grimace and strong cry, cough, and sneeze Color Pale, blue Body pink, extremities blueCompletely pink * Reflex irritability usually is measured by the infant's response to stimulation of the sole of the foot or acatheter put into the nose. 83. Diuretics are a common cause of metabolic derangement. Thiazide diuretics cause cal- cium retention, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, and hypovolemia; because they are sulfa drugs, watch out for sulfa allergy. Loop diuretics cause hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hypovolemia (more potent than thiazides), ototoxicity, and calcium excretion; with the exception of ethacrynic acid, they also are sulfa drugs. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors cause metabolic acidosis, and potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g.. spironolactone) may cause hyperkalemia. 84. Overdoses and antidotes POISON OR MEDICATION ANTIDOTE Acetaminophen Acetylcysteine Cholinesterase inhibitors Atropine, pralidoxime Quinidine or tricyclic anti- Sodium bicarbonate (cardioprotective) depressants Iron Deferoxamine Digoxin Normalize potassium and other electrolytes; digoxin antibodies Methanol/ethylene glycol Ethanol Benzodiazepines Flumazenil Beta blockers Glucagon Lead Edetate (EDTA); use succimer in children Copper or gold Penicillamine Opioids Naloxone Carbon monoxide Oxygen (hyperbaric in cases of severe poisoning) Muscarinic blockers Physostigmine 85. Aspirin/NSAID side effects: GI bleeding, gastric ulcers, renal damage (e.g., interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis), allergic reactions, platelet dysfunction (life of platelet for aspirin, reversible dysfucntion with NSAIDs), and Reye syndrome (aspirin given to child with viral infection). Aspirin overdose can be fatal and classically leads to both metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. 86. Central pontine myelinolysis (brainstem damage and possibly death) may result from overly rapid correction of hyponatremia. 87. Due to cellular shifts, alkalosis and acidosis can cause symptoms of potassium and/or calcium derangement (e.g., alkalosis can lead to symptoms of hypokalemia or hypocalcemia). In this setting, pH correction is needed (rather than direct treat- ment of the calcium or potassium levels). Magnesium depletion can also make hypocalcemia and hypokalemia unresponsive to replacement therapy (until magne- sium is corrected). 88. Adult patients of sound mind are allowed to refuse any form of treatment. Watch for depression as a cause of "incompetence." Treat depression before wishes for death are respected. 89. If a patient is incompetent (including younger minors who lack adequate decision- making capacity) and an emergency treatment is needed, seek family member or court-appointed guardian to make health care decisions. If no one available, treat as you see fit in an emergency, or contact the courts in a nonemergency setting. 90. Respect patient wishes and living wills (assuming that they are appropriate) even in the face of dissenting family members, but take time to listen to family members' concerns. 91. Always be a patient advocate and treat patients with respect and dignity, even if they refuse your proposed treatment or are noncompliant. If patients' actions puzzle you, do not be afraid to ask them why they are doing or saying what they are. 92. Break doctor-patient confidentiality only in the following situations: • The patient asks you to do so. • Child abuse is supected. • The courts mandate you to do so. • You must fulfill the duty to warn or protect (if a patient says that he is going to kill someone or himself, you have to tell the someone, the authorities, or both). • The patient has a reportable disease. • The patient is a danger to others (e.g., if a patient is blind or has seizures, let the proper authorities know so that they can revoke the patient's license to drive; if the patient is an airplane pilot and a paranoid, hallucinating schizophrenic, authorities need to know). 93. Causes of "false" lab disturbances: hemolysis (hyperkalemia), pregnancy (elevated sedimentation rate and alkaline phosphatase), hypoalbuminemia (hypocalcemia), and hyperglycemia (hyponatremia). 94. EKG findings of myocardial infarction: flipped or flattened T waves, ST-segment elevation (depression means ischemia; elevation means injury), and/or Q waves in a segmental distribution (e.g., leads II, III, and AVF for an inferior infarct). ST depres- sion may also be seen in "reciprocal'Vopposite leads. 95. Drugs that may be useful in the setting of acute coronary syndrome: aspirin, mor- phine, nitroglycerine, beta blocker, ACE inhibitor, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, gly- coprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, heparin, and tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA; strict criteria for use). 96. Cholesterol management guidelines (numbers in the chart represent mg/dl) TWO OR MORE NO CHD RISK FACTORS TWO OR MORE CHD RISK FACTORS INTERVENTION Total cholesterol <> 239 Total cholesterol > 200 Do fasting lipoprotein analysis (gives LDL) LDL <> 189 LDL > 159 Medications CHD = coronary heart disease, LDL = low-density lipoproteins. *Unless HDL <35> 30 yr Associated body habitus Thin Obese Development of ketoacidosis Yes No Development of hyperosmolar stateNo Yes Level of endogenous insulin Low to none Normal to high (insulin resistance) Twin concurrence <50%>50% HLA association Yes No Response to oral hypoglycemics No Yes Antibodies to insulin Yes (at diagnosis) No Risk for diabetic complications Yes Yes Islet-cell pathology Insulitis (loss of most B cells)Normal number, but with amyloid deposits Remember, however, that these findings may overlap. 98. Hypertension classification SYSTOLIC BP* DIASTOLIC BP* (mm Hg) (mmHg) CLASSIFICATION <120> 100 Stage II hypertension *Classification is based onthe worst number (e.g., 168/6m0m Hg considered stage II hypertension even though diastolic pressure inormal)s. 99. Word associations (not 100%, but help when you have to guess): BUZZ PHRASE OR SCENARIO CONDITION Friction rub Pericarditis Kussmaul breathing (deep, rapid breathing) Diabetic ketoacidosis Kayser-Fleischer ring in the eye Wilson's disease Bitot's spots Vitamin A deficiency Dendritic corneal ulcers on fluorescein stainHerpes keratitis of the eye Cherry-red spot on the macula without Tay-Sachs disease hepatosplenomegaly Cherry-red spot on the macula with Niemann-Pick disease hepatosplenomegaly Bronze skin plus diabetes Hemochromatosis Malar rash on the face Systemic lupus erythematosus Heliotrope rash (purplish rash on the eyelids)Dermatomyositis Clue cells Gardnerella vaginalis infection Meconium ileus Cystic fibrosis Rectal prolapse Cystic fibrosis Salty-tasting infant Cystic fibrosis Cafe-au-lait spots with normal IQ Neurofibromatosis Cafe-au-lait spots with mental retardation McCune-Albright syndrome or tuberous sclerosis Worst headache of the patient's life Subarachnoid hemorrhage Abdominal striae Cushing's syndrome or pregnancy Honey ingestion Infant botulism Left lower quadrant tenderness/rebound Diverticulitis Children who torture animals Conduct disorder Currant jelly stools in children Intussusception Ambiguous genitalia and hypotension 21-Hydroxylase deficiency in girls Cat-like cry in an infant Cri-du-chat syndrome Infant weighing more than 10 pounds Maternal diabetes Anaphylaxis from immunoglobulin therapy IgA deficiency Postpartum fever unresponsive to broad- Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis spectrum antibiotics Increased hemoglobin A2 and anemia Thalassemia Heavy young woman with papilledema and Pseudotumor cerebri negative CT/MR scan of head Low-grade fever in the first 24 hours after surgerAtelectasiys Vietnam veteran Posttraumatic stress disorder Bilateral hilar adenopathy in a black patient Sarcoidosis Sudden death in a young athlete Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Fractures or bruises in different stages Child abuse of healing in a child Absent breath sounds in a trauma patient Pneumothorax Shopping sprees Mania Constant clearing of throat in a child or teenagerTourette's syndrome Intermittent bursts of swearing Tourette's syndrome Koilocytosis Human papillomavirus or cytomegalovirus Rash develops after administration of ampicillinEpstein-Barr virus infection or amoxicillin for sore throat Daytime sleepiness and occasional falling downNarcolepsy (cataplexy) Facial port wine stain and seizures Sturge-Weber syndrome 100. Signs and syndromes SIGN/SYNDROME EXPLANATION Babinski's sign Stroking the bottom of the foot yields extension of the big toe and fanning of other toes (upper motor neuron lesion) Beck's triad Jugular venous distention, muffled heart sounds, and hypotension (cardiac tamponade) Brudzinski's sign Pain on neck flexion with meningeal irritation (meningitis) Charcot's triad Fever/chills, jaundice, and right upper quadrant pain (cholangitis) Courvoisier's sign Painless, palpable gallbladder plus jaundice (pancreatic cancer) Chvostek's sign Tapping on the facial nerve elicits tetany (hypocalcemia) Cullen's sign Bluish discoloration of periumbilical area (pancreatitis with retroperitoneal hemorrhage) Cushing's reflex Hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations (high intracranial pressure) Grey-Turner's sign Bluish discoloration of flank (pancreatitis with retroperitoneal hemorrhage) Homan's sign Calf pain on forced dorsiflexion of the foot (deep venous thrombosis) Kehr's sign Pain in the left shoulder (ruptured spleen) Leriche's syndrome Claudication and atrophy of the buttocks with impotence (aortoiliac occlusive disease) McBumey's sign Tenderness at McBumey's point (appendicitis) Murphy's sign Arrest of inspiration during palpation under the rib cage on the right (cholecystitis) Ortolani's sign/test Abducting an infant's flexed hips causes a palpable/audible click (congenital hip dysplasia) Prehn's sign Elevation of a painful testicle relieves pain (epididymitis vs. testicular torsion) Rovsing's sign Pushing on left lower quadrant then releasing your hand produces pain at McBurney's point (appendicitis) Tinel's sign Tapping on the volar surface of the wrist elicits paresthesias (carpal tunnel syndrome) Trousseau's sign Pumping up a blood pressure cuff causes carpopedal spasm (tetany from hypocalcemia) Virchow's triad Stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability (risk factors for deepvenous thrombosis)

USMLE Official and Important Links

www.ECFMG.org
www.USMLE.org
www.NBME.org
www.FSMB.org